Threat Actor

OilRig

Also known as: OilRig, COBALT GYPSY, IRN2, APT34, Helix Kitten, Evasive Serpens, Hazel Sandstorm, EUROPIUM, ITG13, Earth Simnavaz, Crambus, TA452

[OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) is a suspected Iranian threat group that has targeted Middle Eastern and international victims since at least 2014. The group has targeted a variety of sectors, including financial, government, energy, chemical, and telecommunications. It appears the group carries out supply chain attacks, leveraging the trust relationship between organizations to attack their primary targets. The group works on behalf of the Iranian government based on infrastructure details that contain references to Iran, use of Iranian infrastructure, and targeting that aligns with nation-state interests.(Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig April 2017)(Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig May 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016)(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)(Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)

50
Techniques
32
Software
2
Campaigns

Properties

stix_id
intrusion-set--4ca1929c-7d64-4aab-b849-badbfc0c760d
signal_observed_at
2026-09-11T17:54:59+00:00
type
intrusion-set

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (50)

Asymmetric Cryptography

Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections

Automated Collection

Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this techn

Brute Force

Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.(Citation: Trend

Cached Domain Credentials

Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Cit

Clipboard Data

Adversaries may collect data stored in the clipboard from users copying information within or between applications. For example, on Windows adversar

Code Signing

Adversaries may create, acquire, or steal code signing materials to sign their malware or tools. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a bi

Code Signing Certificates

Adversaries may buy and/or steal code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executa

Command and Scripting Interpreter

Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of intera

Compiled HTML File

Adversaries may abuse Compiled HTML files (.chm) to conceal malicious code. CHM files are commonly distributed as part of the Microsoft HTML Help syst

Credentials In Files

Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by use

Credentials from Password Stores

Adversaries may search for common password storage locations to obtain user credentials.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes) Passwords are stored in several

Credentials from Web Browsers

Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Web bro

DNS

Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with exi

Data from Local System

Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems, configuration files, local databases, virtual machine files, or process memory, to

Data from Removable Media

Adversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from an

Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information

Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They

Disable or Modify System Firewall

Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism

Domain Account

Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in fol

Domain Accounts

Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense E

Domain Groups

Adversaries may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings. The knowledge of domain-level permission groups can help adversaries dete

Domains

Adversaries may acquire domains that can be used during targeting. Domain names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresse

Email Accounts

Adversaries may compromise email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised email accounts to further their operation

Encrypted/Encoded File

Adversaries may encrypt or encode files to obfuscate strings, bytes, and other specific patterns to impede detection. Encrypting and/or encoding file

Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol

Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The d

Exploitation for Client Execution

Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to unsecure coding

Exploitation for Privilege Escalation

Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversar

External Remote Services

Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, an

Fallback Channels

Adversaries may use fallback or alternate communication channels if the primary channel is compromised or inaccessible in order to maintain reliable c

File Deletion

Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a

Indicator Removal from Tools

Adversaries may remove indicators from tools if they believe their malicious tool was detected, quarantined, or otherwise curtailed. They can modify t

Software & Tools (32)

BONDUPDATER [malware]

[BONDUPDATER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0360) is a PowerShell backdoor used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049). It was first

Helminth [malware]

[Helminth](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0170) is a backdoor that has at least two variants - one written in VBScript and PowerShell that is deli

ISMInjector [malware]

[ISMInjector](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0189) is a Trojan used to install another [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) backdoor, I

LaZagne [tool]

[LaZagne](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0349) is a post-exploitation, open-source tool used to recover stored passwords on a system. It has modul

Mango [malware]

[Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1169) is a first-stage backdoor written in C#/.NET that was used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/group

MimiKatz [malware]

[Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) is a credential dumper capable of obtaining plaintext Windows account logins and passwords, along

Mimikatz [tool]

[Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) is a credential dumper capable of obtaining plaintext Windows account logins and passwords, along

Net [tool]

The [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility is a component of the Windows operating system. It is used in command-line operations for c

Ngrok [malware]
ODAgent [malware]

[ODAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1170) is a C#/.NET downloader that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) since

OilBooster [malware]

[OilBooster](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1172) is a downloader written in Microsoft Visual C/C++ that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.

OilCheck [malware]

[OilCheck](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1171) is a C#/.NET downloader that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) sinc

OopsIE [malware]

[OopsIE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0264) is a Trojan used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) to remotely execute commands as

POWRUNER [malware]

[POWRUNER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0184) is a PowerShell script that sends and receives commands to and from the C2 server. (Citation: Fire

PowerExchange [malware]

[PowerExchange](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1173) is a PowerShell backdoor that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049

PsExec [tool]

[PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029) is a free Microsoft tool that can be used to execute a program on another computer. It is used by IT

QUADAGENT [malware]

[QUADAGENT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0269) is a PowerShell backdoor used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049). (Citation: Unit

RDAT [malware]

[RDAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0495) is a backdoor used by the suspected Iranian threat group [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G004

RGDoor [malware]

[RGDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0258) is a malicious Internet Information Services (IIS) backdoor developed in the C++ language. [RGDoor](

Reg [tool]

[Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) is a Windows utility used to interact with the Windows Registry. It can be used at the command-line int

SEASHARPEE [malware]

[SEASHARPEE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0185) is a Web shell that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049). (Citation:

SampleCheck5000 [malware]

[SampleCheck5000](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1168) is a downloader with multiple variants that was used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/g

SideTwist [malware]

[SideTwist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0610) is a C-based backdoor that has been used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) since

Solar [malware]

[Solar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1166) is a C#/.NET backdoor that was used by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) during the [Ou

Systeminfo [tool]

[Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096) is a Windows utility that can be used to gather detailed information about a computer. (Citation

Tasklist [tool]

The [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility displays a list of applications and services with their Process IDs (PID) for all task

ZeroCleare [malware]

[ZeroCleare](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1151) is a wiper malware that has been used in conjunction with the [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org

certutil [tool]

[certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) is a command-line utility that can be used to obtain certificate authority information and configu

ftp [tool]

[ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095) is a utility commonly available with operating systems to transfer information over the File Transfer P

ipconfig [tool]

[ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100) is a Windows utility that can be used to find information about a system's TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, and

Campaigns (2)

Juicy Mix

[Juicy Mix](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0044) was a campaign conducted by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) throughout 2022 that

Outer Space

[Outer Space](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0042) was a campaign conducted by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) throughout 2021 th

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